Glosa
| Glosa | ||
|---|---|---|
| Glosa | ||
| Created by | Ronald Clark and Wendy Ashby, based on the Interglossa of Lancelot Hogben | |
| Setting and usage | international auxiliary language | |
| Total spikas | – | |
| Category (purpose) | toktok man i mekim
| |
| Category (sources) | Interglossa | |
| Ol kod bilong tokples | ||
| ISO 639-3 | None | |
Glosa em wanpela kain olsem tok-ples ikam long Interglossa. Buk bilong Glosa i kamap long yia 1978. Nem blong tokples em i kamap long rup bilong Graik, "glossa", i stap tokautim "tongue" o "language".
Bilong olsem tokples konstruktem, Glosa i no gat kaikai long tokples, na spelin i holim tru tru na i fonetik olsem. Olsem tokples konstruktem, i no gat infleksen, na tok i stap long diksenari for oltaim, no gat wanem olsem funksen em i stap long toksen. Olsem i no klia long konteks, gramatikal funksen em i save daunim long smolpela wod na long yusim orda bilong wod (syntax). Olsem wanpela tokples a posteriori, Glosa i tekim olsem wokabulari long Tok Gris na Tok Latin rut, yumi saveim dispela olsem internesnal olsem yusim bilong olgeta long sains.
Istori[senisim | edit source]
Glosa i baze long wan drɔf blong langwej kɔnstraktem Interglossa, we wetem blong saentist Lancelot Hogben long di taim blong emi stap gat wach long foa-watching long Aberdeen, long Wol Warem II. Interglossa i bin pablika long 1943 olsem wan drɔf blong wan auxiliary.
Ron Clark i bin kamap long hɔlhan blong Interglossa: wan drɔf blong wan auxiliary long taem blong 1960. Dan emi bin mit wan profesɔ Hogben witim ol i bin stap wok long langwej blong mekem i moa ezi yusabɔl long evri kainfala komunikesen. Wendy Ashby i joinim projek long 1972. Wen Hogben i dai long 1975, olgeta kainfala siton i bin diskas long ben. Hogben an Clark i bin agree se i mas gat wan speling we mekem evri leta i rapresɛntem wan singel saon. Dis prinsip i bin mekem se wan Greek CH, TH an PH nao i mas spelt K, T an F.
Finolli, som toktok we i mas mekem i bin intrediusim long Ron Clark an Wendy Ashby, we den i givim langwej wan niu nem, Glosa (long hem i bin yusim Greek wod blong "tongue, language" – “glossa” i bin long Inglish transliteret), an i bin statim yusim olsem wan auxiliary niu.
Long tasol 1979, Ashby an Clark i bin testem yus blong Glosa long wok ol vɔlɔnte blong ol manmeri i bin stap gat longtaon we i bin hemi stap laefing. Long dis taem, vokabuleri an som detel blong mekem senens i bin mekem an i bin rediwanem. Dem i bin muv long wan notha taon long taem i bin pablika wan fes Glosa diksineri.
Long 1987, organisen GEO (Glosa Education Organisation) we i bin gat status long charity i bin promotem long lɛn Glosa olsem wan dekond langwej long skul evriwhe.
GEO ofisial websait i bin setap long Paul O. Bartlett long 1996, an Marcel Springer i manijim olgeta. Emi i bin givim Glosa Internet Dictionary (Glosa Inter-reti Diktionaria), wan introdaktori kɔs,[4] an olgeta resos. Wan Wiki long Glosa i bin kriet long 2021.
Olsem dispela[senisim | edit source]
Olsem wanpela tokples, Glosa i save olsem yumi no ken usum nem blong tok bai yumi tokim olsem wanpela narating. Olsem wanpela tokples analitik, Glosa i no gat infleksan long toktok bilong iumi, olsem namba blong yumi i no senis long taim o saed blong iumi.
Olsem wanpela tokples analitik, Glosa i gat namba wan stail long saed blong toktok – subjek, verp, objek. "Adjectiv" i kaps long en blong naraotem "noun" na "verb" i kaps long taim bilong tenz na "adverb".
Manmeri i ting olsem Glosa i lukluk olsem Tok Inglis na Tok Sainis long saed blong olsem wanpela tokples analitik. Liklik samting tu, olsem wanpela tokples asistensia, Lingua sistemfrater (Frater), i gat samting tupela samting em i lukluk olsem Glosa. I gat planti samting wok bai i bin wokim long samting tokples ia na bai i gat wanpela wok bilong sintaksis i lain long narapela hap.
Glosa i ritim olsem wanpela tokples Inglis, wetem Laen alfabet, i no gat litim tupela leta o kainkain lekta. Sapos yumi save tokim Inglis, yumi save tokim Glosa tu.
Nogat planti tok bilong olsem, Glosa i yusim samting bikpela nem bilong Latin na Greek. Em i tokbok long yumi olsem wanpela tokples a posteriori.
Interglossa bilong Hogben i bin mekim sampela lain bilong Basic English, na tu Glosa em i stap wokim olsem Tok Inglis. Interglossa i wokim long olsem wanpela tokples bilong "verboids" o "verbal operators", liklikpela namba blong 18, na tu Glosa i gat olsem wanpela kain bilong tokples long tokim sampela wok olsem sampela namba em i nogat.
Spelin na pronansesyon[senisim | edit source]
Glosa spelin emi kamap yet i stap long olsem regula na fonetik: wan spelin emi stap representim wan samting bilong toktok, na wan samting bilong toktok emi stap representim wan spelin. Olsem wan 'solo' eksepsen, SC emi stap representim saund ʃ (olsem "sh" long "short"), evri leta stap representim wan saund, na long bekaut long saund, emi stap representim wan leta. Glosa i ritim long Latin letas. Alphabet emi i inkludim ol dispela letas (na digraf), na tu em olsem kapitel leta:
| Letas | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | z | (sc) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fonim | a | b | t͡ʃ | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | kw | r | s | t | u | v | w | ks | z | ʃ |
Glosa i no save mekim yusim olsem narapela tokples blong helpim, Q na X leta emi i usim. C i mekim saund blong 'ch' long 'church'. Letas SC emi i stap representim 'sh' saund long 'short' - hemi i wanigat digraf nomo. Olsem long planti tokples, J i mekim 'y' saund yu save faindim long wokabaut olsem 'yell' o 'yak'. G na S i stap "hard" olsem (olsem long wod blong 'goat' o 'hiss/snake'). R i mas stap trilled o "tapped" (toktokman i liklik tasol i tupim toktokman long tupela lupela i stap long raitim mous), i no ken stap mekim olsem uvularized.
Wanpraktis blong toktokim N bifo wan velar saund (g o k) olsem ŋ emi i no wanpela prefarem, tasol, i usim planti taim blong mekim tingting blong tokples i simplifai. X emi save mekim saund 'z' long stat blong wod, tasol hemi i no prefarem.
Sapos wan nem blong foren i no save usim olsem letas blong Glosa blong mekim olsem spelin blong nem i stap bifo."
Wod klases[senisim | edit source]
Glosa i inkludim tupla bikpela grup blong wod:
Primitives[senisim | edit source]
Primitives em i liklik nambar blong wod we i stap long olsem dispela bikpela tokples - em i laikim olsem preposisen na conjunctions, olsem: de [bilong], e [na], pre [bifo], supra [aninit long; antap long], sub [anit long; antap long; loa; daon; samting liklik].
Substantives (naem wod)[senisim | edit source]
Substantives i grup blong wod we i mas representim sampla bikpla samting, heve, na despela (tasol em i mas kisim tumas nupela wok) we i stap long wanpela tokples, olsem: via [rot], kurso [rani], hedo [hap], vide [lukim], celera [wokim gutpela], tako [wik, kwik, gutpela, sik, antapim rait, spinim wok, bisi, rapim, raipiditi, raipid, hap; gat hap; sanap hap; spas]; oku [ai]. Tingting long dispela em i mas save olsem olgeta samting i gat bikpela namba blong mekim dispela wod i gat planti kainkain sain blong yusim, depend long em i stap long wanem kain kalabus (verb, adjektiv, na tokpisin). Exempli gratia: "oku" ino save tok we i nambawan tasol em i save tokim olsem "ai", "optikal", "lukim wantaim ai", "lukim", "pikim wanem samting wantaim ai", o "kamap long narapela manmeri."
Fres[senisim | edit source]
Fres i bikpela unit blong tokples, we i save mekim sain blong tingting long Glosa. Ol fres i folem Subjek–Verp–(Obyek) orda na noun fres i "substantive final," we i mekim em i stat wantaim wod we i liklik important, na em i save gat olsem wanem moa wod stap long olsem wok bung wantaim em, na em i kisim namba wantaim em long las.
Pasin bilong toktok[senisim | edit source]
Glosa wod i save kamap olsem bikpela namba bilong peim part long toktok. Olsem namba bilong peim part, em i wanpela rol em i plei long wan toktok, na em ino wanpela wok bungim propati bilong wan wod.
Pronoun bilong yugeta[senisim | edit source]
| Person | English | Glosa | English | Glosa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I, me | mi | we, us | na |
| 2 | you (s.) | tu | you (pl.) | vi |
| 3 | she, her | fe | they, them |
mu |
| he, him | an | |||
| it | id | |||
| he/she/one | pe |
Wabag bilong mekim[senisim | edit source]
Olsem wanpela tok inap long wokim ol wabag, depend long we i stap long tokples (long hap bilong manmeri).
| Example of Verb Tenses | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Tense | Prior Word | Glosa Text | Inglish Transleshan |
| Infinitive | - | Mi volu lekto u bibli. | I want to read the book. |
| Simple Past | pa | Mi pa lekto u bibli. | Mi bin ridim buk. |
| Imperfect | pa du | Mi pa du lekto u bibli. | Mi bin ridim buk. |
| Past Participle | ge- | U ge-lekto bibli | The read book / The book that has been read |
| Simple Present | (nu) | Mi (nu) lekto u bibli. | I (do) read the book / I am reading the book. |
| Continuous Present | du | Mi du lekto u bibli. | Mi bungim buk. |
| Present Perfect | nu pa | Mi nu pa lekto u bibli. | I have (just) read the book. |
| Future-in-Present | nu fu | Mi nu fu lekto u bibli. | I am just about to read the book / I am just going to read the book. |
| Future-in-Past | pa fu | Mi pa fu lekto u bibli. | I was about to read the book / I was going to read the book. |
| Simple Future | fu | Mi fu lekto u bibli. | I shall/will read the book. |
| Future Perfect | fu pa | Mi fu pa lekto u bibli. | I shall/will have read the book (by tomorrow). |
| Conditional | sio | Mi sio lekto u bibli... | I would read the book... |
| Imperative | -! | Lekto! | Read! |
| Negative | ne | Mi ne lekto u bibli. | I do not read the book/I am not reading the book. |
| Interrogative | qe | Qe mi lekto u bibli? | Am I reading the book? / Do I read the book? |
| Passive | gene | U bibli gene lekto ex mi. | The book is/gets read by me. |
| Gerund | - | (U) lekto (de bibli). | (The) reading (of the book...) |
Long ples ya "prior word" i wokim olsem wanpela wod i stap wantaimim long fes bilong wabag o klous long mekim wabag i soim wanpela tens. Sampela eg i em:
Bilong so mitim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long pem past tense, yu ken addim "pa" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag. Bilong so soim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long futur tense, yu ken addim "fu" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag. Bilong so mekim olsem wanpela wod bipo long wabag i stap long kandesnel, yu ken addim "sio" wantaim wod bipo bipo long wabag.
Adjektiv[senisim | edit source]
Adjektiv, olsem olgeta tok ples, ino ken senis long fitim tense, nemba, jenis, formeliti, o sapos. Em i stap bifoa long wonem em i senisim. Tasol, long taim tasol adjektiv i stap long wanpela ples long senisim em, em i gat natingap long meaning em i gat.
- Mi fu lekto mo bibli – Mi bai ridim wan buk.
- Mi fu lekto bibli mo – Mi bai ridim buk nambawan.
Long Tok Pisin, sapos man i laik mekim wanpela wod i gat 'oposait', em i ken yusim 'no-' olsem wanpela prefiks wantaimim long adjektiv. Displa wokabaut i semak wantaim wanpela prefiks 'mal-' long Esperanto em i senisim olsem wod i gat samting taem, na disla i mekim wod i gat toktok long 'not beautiful'. Em i semak long samting olsem 'in-' o 'un-' long tok Inglis.
- kali – liklik wara, naispela, naispela wara
- no-kali – nogut, nogud
- termo – het, hat
- meso-termo – wara, liklik wara
- no-termo – kol
Konjunksen[senisim | edit source]
- akorda-co – stretim olsem
- alo – o
- alo...alo – o...o
- alora – olsem na...
- anti-co – tasol
- e – na
- fini-co – laspela taim
- hetero-co – otaim
- jam – pinis
- kaso – stori.../tasol...
- ko-co – tu
- klu – bikos...
- ni....ni – no...no
- pene – sapos em inap
- po-co – bihainim olsem
- posi – posibil
- plus-co – na tu
- qasi – olsem...
- sed – nogat
- si ne... – sapos no...
- vice – long ples bilong
Wanpela samting bilong toktok[senisim | edit source]
Toktok bilong kamapim namba tu[senisim | edit source]
Fo kamapim wanpela samting wod bilong kamapim namba tu long Glosa, yu onli mas kombainim olgeta wod we i bin stap. Olsem wanem eg., yu no mas gat nating spesol o afe blong kamapim wanpela samting wod, na olgeta wod i stap olsem oli bin.
- "pe" - person (tok ples bilong persona)
- "an" - man (tok ples bilong andros)
- "fe" - meri (tok ples bilong femina)
- "do" - haus (tok ples bilong domo, i.e. "haus" or "hausman")
- "lo" - ples, hap (tok ples bilong loko, i.e. "ples" or "hap bilong")
Olsem na, wanpela student i stude-pe (wanem i save studi), wanpela man student i stude-an, wanpela meri student i stude-fe na wanpela haus o building we ol studen i save studi (skul, kolij, na olsem) i stude-do. Sapos tu, wanpela ospital i pato-do (husat i kam long wokim bilong sik), literalmaning em i wanpela haus/building long ol sik.
Mius i save kamapim kaikai long noun-compounding tu:
- Evening - vespera
- Kaikai - vora
- Dina, supa - vespera-vora.
Wod deraivisen[senisim | edit source]
Genarali, ol kirapim rulis em i aplikim long bikpla wok long mekim nupla toksave long Glosa.[10] Olgeta bikpla wod i stap strongpela (tasol ol i save kukim olsem spesifikasion prefiks) i stap karamapim (olsem "an", "fe", o "pe").
Indefinit wod bai stap olsem oli bin (ad, de, si, kata).